Overview
Key figures and core demographic trends for India.
Population
1.5B
Fertility Rate
1.96
Life Expectancy
72.2y
GDP / capita
$2.7K
Pop. Growth
0.89%
Net Migration
-495.8K
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Open NFHS-5 Table 4.2 (PDF) · NFHS portal
More about the figure
Total fertility rate (ages 15–49) by religion of the woman, from successive National Family Health Surveys. Each point is the TFR for the three years preceding that survey, not an annual vital-statistics rate. NFHS-5 (2019–21) Table 4.2: Muslim 2.36, Other 2.15, Hindu 1.94, Christian 1.88, Sikh 1.61, Jain 1.60, Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist 1.39, all India 1.99. Muslim TFR fell from 4.41 in NFHS-1 (1992–93) to 2.36 in NFHS-5 — about 47%. NFHS-1 published Hindus, Muslims, and a residual other-religions group (Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, and others combined at 2.70); we do not chart that residual against later Other, which excludes the named minorities. The NFHS-3 Jain figure (1.54) is based on 125–249 woman-years of exposure. Religion TFR is not comparable to Denmark ancestry series or Norway immigrant-category TFR. Replacement-level fertility is marked at 2.1 children per woman.
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Provisional fertility nowcast
Source: National Statistical Offices or Ministries of Health / Interior · compiled by @BirthGauge. Full nowcast table · provisional, may be revised.
TFR 2024
1.90
Rates per 1,000 people per year — not absolute birth or death counts. When the birth rate exceeds the death rate, natural increase is positive (before migration).
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Economy
National accounts and international trade.
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Exports & imports
International trade for India — product exports and imports from OEC / BACI.
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Migration
Net migration, permits, and the foreign-born population of India, plus where migrants come from and where the diaspora lives.
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Largest foreign-born communities in India by country of birth (2024) · arrow shows change since 2010.
Source: UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024
Top destinations for people born in India who now live abroad (2024) · arrow shows change since 2010.
Source: UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024
Demography
Age structure, projections, and population composition.
That is 2% smaller than in 2025. The animation freezes the latest fertility rate. It is a model, not an official forecast. UN World Population Prospects 2024 medium is 1.51 billion in 2100 — higher than this run (low 991 million, high 2.20 billion). UN lets fertility change over the century and includes some migration; this run does not.
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Mortality & longevity
Life expectancy, death rates and child mortality as far back as vital registration and historical reconstructions allow (from 1960), plus infant and maternal mortality.
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Pre-1960 life expectancy and long child-mortality series are from Our World in Data (Riley, Zijdeman et al., HMD, UN). Historic crude death rates cover countries in the Human Mortality Database only — Sweden from 1751, France from 1816, and so on. Crude rates are not age-standardized.
Health, education & infrastructure
Spending, capacity and attainment. Coverage is thinner than for demographic series — most figures come from periodic surveys rather than continuous registration.
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Society, housing & beliefs
Family, crime, housing and religion indicators.
Homicide rate
2.8
Divorce rate
—
Births outside marriage
—
Home ownership
—
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- Hindu80.0%
- Muslim14.0%
- Christian2.3%
- Sikh1.7%
- Other1.3%
- Buddhist0.7%
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47per 1,000
2015
Only one year available — not enough points for a trend line.
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States & provinces
Total fertility rate by first-level administrative division.
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| # | Division | Population | TFR | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Biharstate | — | 3.00 | 2021 |
| 2 | Meghalayastate | — | 2.90 | 2021 |
| 3 | Uttar Pradeshstate | — | 2.40 | 2021 |
| 4 | Jharkhandstate | — | 2.30 | 2021 |
| 5 | Manipurstate | — | 2.20 | 2021 |
| 6 | Madhya Pradeshstate | — | 2.00 | 2021 |
| 7 | Rajasthanstate | — | 2.00 | 2021 |
| 8 | Assamstate | — | 1.90 | 2021 |
| 9 | Gujaratstate | — | 1.90 | 2021 |
| 10 | Haryanastate | — | 1.90 | 2021 |
| 11 | Mizoramstate | — | 1.90 | 2021 |
| 12 | Uttarakhandstate | — | 1.90 | 2021 |
| 13 | Arunachal Pradeshstate | — | 1.80 | 2021 |
| 14 | Chhattisgarhstate | — | 1.80 | 2021 |
| 15 | Keralastate | — | 1.80 | 2021 |
| 16 | Odishastate | — | 1.80 | 2021 |
| 17 | Tamil Nadustate | — | 1.80 | 2021 |
| 18 | Telanganastate | — | 1.80 | 2021 |
| 19 | Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diuunion territory | — | 1.80 | 2021 |
| 20 | Andhra Pradeshstate | — | 1.70 | 2021 |
| 21 | Himachal Pradeshstate | — | 1.70 | 2021 |
| 22 | Karnatakastate | — | 1.70 | 2021 |
| 23 | Maharashtrastate | — | 1.70 | 2021 |
| 24 | Nagalandstate | — | 1.70 | 2021 |
| 25 | Tripurastate | — | 1.70 | 2021 |
| 26 | Delhiunion territory | — | 1.60 | 2021 |
| 27 | Punjabstate | — | 1.60 | 2021 |
| 28 | West Bengalstate | — | 1.60 | 2021 |
| 29 | Puducherryunion territory | — | 1.50 | 2021 |
| 30 | Chandigarhunion territory | — | 1.40 | 2021 |
| 31 | Jammu and Kashmirunion territory | — | 1.40 | 2021 |
| 32 | Lakshadweepunion territory | — | 1.40 | 2021 |
| 33 | Goastate | — | 1.30 | 2021 |
| 34 | Ladakhunion territory | — | 1.30 | 2021 |
| 35 | Andaman and Nicobar Islandsunion territory | — | 1.30 | 2021 |
| 36 | Sikkimstate | — | 1.10 | 2021 |
Why this country’s demographics matter
Age structure, fertility gaps, and migration change budgets and electorates. This is the constraint, not a manifesto.
India is already below replacement in NFHS-5, but religion and state maps still decide which India is aging.
- NFHS-5 (2019–21) national TFR is 1.99. Muslim 2.36, Hindu 1.94 — a gap that has narrowed sharply since NFHS-1.
- State maps (SRS / NFHS) matter more than the religion row for school places and internal migration.
- A large working-age cohort is a dividend only if jobs and skills absorb it. That is an economic constraint, not a communal slogan.
The longer argument — pensions, schools, coalitions, and what migration does and does not offset — is on why birthrates matter. The case for a pronatal culture as the response is on what's the solution?. To turn this country’s series into a memo you can forward, open the briefing builder — generate a draft, write it yourself, then expand any paragraph.