Overview
Key figures and core demographic trends for Spain.
Population
49.4M
Fertility Rate
1.10
Life Expectancy
83.9y
GDP / capita
$38.6K
Pop. Growth
1.03%
Net Migration
96.6K
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Provisional fertility nowcast
Source: National Statistical Offices or Ministries of Health / Interior · compiled by @BirthGauge. Full nowcast table · provisional, may be revised.
YTD births (3 mo) +1.5% YoY
TFR 2024
1.10
TFR 2025
1.11
TFR 2026
1.12
Births YTD (3 mo)
78.7K
Rates per 1,000 people per year — not absolute birth or death counts. When the birth rate exceeds the death rate, natural increase is positive (before migration).
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Economy
National accounts and international trade.
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Exports & imports
International trade for Spain — product exports and imports from OEC / BACI.
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Migration
Net migration, permits, and the foreign-born population of Spain, plus where migrants come from and where the diaspora lives.
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First residence permits issued during the year to non-EU citizens for employment-related reasons, by citizenship of the permit holder. EU free-movement workers are not included. National administrative definitions of “employment” permits vary; figures are not identical to every country’s domestic “work permit” count. Eurostat table.
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OECD definition: unemployed share of the labour force among native-born vs foreign-born residents aged 15–64. National offices (e.g. Statistics Sweden) may publish slightly different figures for other age bands or months — we show the internationally comparable OECD series. Latest: native-born 10.2%, foreign-born 15.4% (2024).
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Residents of Spain born in each country, 1 January 2025 · arrow shows change since 2015. Share = of all 9.5M born abroad.
Source: Eurostat (migr_pop3ctb), from Spain's statistics office
Residents of Spain holding each foreign citizenship, 1 January 2025 · arrow shows change since 2015. Share = of all 6.9M foreign citizens.
Source: Eurostat (migr_pop1ctz), from Spain's statistics office
Largest foreign-born communities in Spain by country of birth (2024) · arrow shows change since 2010. Modelled by the UN from older censuses and registers, so it can miss recent arrivals; the official counts above are newer.
Source: UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024
Top destinations for people born in Spain who now live abroad (2024) · arrow shows change since 2010.
Source: UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024
Demography
Age structure, projections, and population composition.
That is 40% smaller than in 2025. The animation freezes the latest fertility rate. It is a model, not an official forecast. UN World Population Prospects 2024 medium is 33 million in 2100 — higher than this run (low 23 million, high 46 million). UN lets fertility change over the century and includes some migration; this run does not.
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- Men born in the country
- Men born abroad
- Women born in the country
- Women born abroad
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Mortality & longevity
Life expectancy, death rates and child mortality as far back as vital registration and historical reconstructions allow (from 1960), plus infant and maternal mortality.
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Pre-1960 life expectancy and long child-mortality series are from Our World in Data (Riley, Zijdeman et al., HMD, UN). Historic crude death rates cover countries in the Human Mortality Database only — Sweden from 1751, France from 1816, and so on. Crude rates are not age-standardized.
Health, education & infrastructure
Spending, capacity and attainment. Coverage is thinner than for demographic series — most figures come from periodic surveys rather than continuous registration.
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Society, housing & beliefs
Family, crime, housing and religion indicators.
Homicide rate
0.7
Divorce rate
1.8
Births outside marriage
48.0%
Home ownership
76.0%
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- Christian58.0%
- Unaffiliated39.0%
- Muslim2.5%
- Other0.5%
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12per 1,000
2020
Only one year available — not enough points for a trend line.
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Crime by ancestry, origin & race
Official statistics where published · definitions differ by country.
See the full availability guide →
Spain: only limited comparable crime-by-ancestry statistics. INE / Interior publish foreign-national prisoner and some offender statistics. Foreign and national totals are in the Eurostat comparison on this page.
Related sourceShare of persons held in prison with foreign citizenship. This is not a conviction-by-ancestry series.
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Why this country’s demographics matter
Age structure, fertility gaps, and migration change budgets and electorates. This is the constraint, not a manifesto.
Spain pairs very low fertility with rapid aging and large regional gaps between empty interior provinces and coastal metros.
- INE period TFR is among the lowest in Europe.
- Foreign-born shares and births to foreign mothers are the composition series where published.
- Pension and health spending track the 65+ share more tightly than any one year’s TFR.
The longer argument — pensions, schools, coalitions, and what migration does and does not offset — is on why birthrates matter. The case for a pronatal culture as the response is on what's the solution?. To turn this country’s series into a memo you can forward, open the briefing builder — generate a draft, write it yourself, then expand any paragraph.